Who Can Be Classified As An Animal Service?
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Service Animals and Emotional Back up Animals
Where are they allowed and under what conditions?
Jacquie Brennan
Vinh Nguyen (Ed.)
Southwest ADA Center
A program of ILRU at TIRR Memorial Hermann
Foreword
This transmission is dedicated to the memory of Pax, a devoted guide dog, and to all the handler and dog teams working together beyond the nation. Guide dogs brand it possible for their handlers to travel safely with independence, freedom and dignity.
Pax guided his handler faithfully for over ten years. Together they negotiated countless busy intersections and safely traveled the streets of many cities, large and small. His skilful guiding kept his handler from injury on more than one occasion. He accompanied his handler to business organisation meetings, restaurants, theaters, and social functions where he conducted himself as would any highly-trained guide dog. Pax was a seasoned traveler and was the get-go domestic dog to fly in the motel of a domestic shipping to United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, a country that had previously barred service animals without extended quarantine..png)
Pax was born in the kennels of The Seeing Heart in the beautiful Washington Valley of New Bailiwick of jersey in March 2000. He lived with a puppy-raiser family for almost a twelvemonth where he learned bones obedience and was exposed to the sights and sounds of community life—the same experiences he would soon face up as a guide domestic dog. He then went through four months of intensive training where he learned how to guide and ensure the prophylactic of the person with whom he would be matched. In November 2001 he was matched with his handler and they worked as a team until Pax's retirement in January 2012, afterward a long and successful career. Pax retired with his handler'due south family, where he lived with 2 other dogs. His life was total of play, long naps, and recreational walks until his death in January 2014.
It is the sincere hope of Pax's handler that this guide will exist useful in improving the agreement about service animals, their purpose and function, their extensive training, and the rights of their handlers to travel freely and to experience the aforementioned access to employment, public accommodations, transportation, and services that others accept for granted.
I. Introduction
Individuals with disabilities may utilise service animals and emotional back up animals for a diversity of reasons. This guide provides an overview of how major Federal civil rights laws govern the rights of a person requiring a service animal. These laws, as well every bit instructions on how to file a complaint, are listed in the last section of this publication. Many states also take laws that provide a unlike definition of service animal. You should cheque your country's law and follow the law that offers the virtually protection for service animals. The certificate discusses service animals in a number of different settings as the rules and allowances related to access with service animals will vary according to the law practical and the setting.
II. Service Fauna Defined by Title Ii and Championship Three of the ADA
A service fauna ways any dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including a concrete, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability. Tasks performed tin include, among other things, pulling a wheelchair, retrieving dropped items, alerting a person to a sound, reminding a person to take medication, or pressing an elevator button.
Emotional support animals, comfort animals, and therapy dogs are not service animals under Title 2 and Championship Iii of the ADA. Other species of animals, whether wild or domestic, trained or untrained, are non considered service animals either. The piece of work or tasks performed by a service animal must be directly related to the individual'due south disability. It does not matter if a person has a note from a doctor that states that the person has a inability and needs to take the animate being for emotional back up. A doctor's letter does not turn an beast into a service animal.
Examples of animals that fit the ADA'southward definition of "service animal" because they take been specifically trained to perform a task for the person with a inability:
· Guide Dog or Seeing Centre® Domestic dogone is a carefully trained domestic dog that serves as a travel tool for persons who take severe visual impairments or are blind.
· Hearing or Signal Dog is a domestic dog that has been trained to alert a person who has a meaning hearing loss or is deafened when a sound occurs, such as a knock on the door.
· Psychiatric Service Dog is a domestic dog that has been trained to perform tasks that assist individuals with disabilities to detect the onset of psychiatric episodes and lessen their effects. Tasks performed by psychiatric service animals may include reminding the handler to take medicine, providing condom checks or room searches, or turning on lights for persons with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, interrupting self-mutilation past persons with dissociative identity disorders, and keeping disoriented individuals from danger.
· SSigDOG (sensory signal dogs or social betoken domestic dog) is a domestic dog trained to assistance a person with autism. The dog alerts the handler to distracting repetitive movements common among those with autism, assuasive the person to stop the movement (eastward.grand., hand flapping).
· Seizure Response Dog is a canis familiaris trained to assist a person with a seizure disorder. How the dog serves the person depends on the person'south needs. The dog may stand up baby-sit over the person during a seizure or the dog may go for help. A few dogs have learned to predict a seizure and warn the person in advance to sit down or move to a rubber identify.
Under Title II and III of the ADA, service animals are limited to dogs. However, entities must brand reasonable modifications in policies to allow individuals with disabilities to use miniature horses if they accept been individually trained to do work or perform tasks for individuals with disabilities.
3. Other Support or Therapy Animals
While Emotional Support Animals or Comfort Animals are ofttimes used equally function of a medical treatment program every bit therapy animals, they are not considered service animals under the ADA. These support animals provide companionship, relieve loneliness, and sometimes assist with depression, feet, and certain phobias, but exercise not have special preparation to perform tasks that assist people with disabilities. Even though some states have laws defining therapy animals, these animals are not limited to working with people with disabilities and therefore are non covered by federal laws protecting the use of service animals. Therapy animals provide people with therapeutic contact, usually in a clinical setting, to amend their physical, social, emotional, and/or cognitive functioning.
4. Handler's Responsibilities
The handler is responsible for the intendance and supervision of his or her service brute. If a service brute behaves in an unacceptable manner and the person with a disability does not command the animal, a business organization or other entity does not accept to let the animate being onto its bounds. Uncontrolled barking, jumping on other people, or running away from the handler are examples of unacceptable beliefs for a service animal. A business concern has the right to deny access to a canis familiaris that disrupts their business. For example, a service dog that barks repeatedly and disrupts some other patron's enjoyment of a flick could exist asked to leave the theater. Businesses, public programs, and transportation providers may exclude a service creature when the animal'southward behavior poses a directly threat to the health or rubber of others. If a service animal is growling at other shoppers at a grocery store, the handler may be asked to remove the animal..png)
· The ADA requires the animal to exist under the control of the handler. This can occur using a harness, leash, or other tether. However, in cases where either the handler is unable to hold a tether considering of a disability or its utilise would interfere with the service animal's safe, effective operation of piece of work or tasks, the service creature must be under the handler'due south command by another ways, such as voice control.2
· The animal must be housebroken.3
· The ADA does not require covered entities to provide for the care or supervision of a service animate being, including cleaning upwardly subsequently the animal.
· The beast should be vaccinated in accord with state and local laws.
· An entity may too appraise the type, size, and weight of a miniature horse in determining whether or not the horse will be immune access to the facility.
5. Handler'due south Rights
a) Public Facilities and Accommodations
Titles II and III of the ADA makes information technology clear that service animals are allowed in public facilities and accommodations. A service animal must be allowed to accompany the handler to whatsoever place in the building or facility where members of the public, programme participants, customers, or clients are allowed. Even if the business or public program has a "no pets" policy, it may not deny entry to a person with a service animal. Service animals are not pets. So, although a "no pets" policy is perfectly legal, information technology does not allow a business to exclude service animals.
When a person with a service animal enters a public facility or place of public accommodation, the person cannot be asked nearly the nature or extent of his disability. But two questions may be asked:
1. Is the creature required because of a disability?
2. What work or job has the animal been trained to perform?
These questions should not be asked, however, if the animate being'due south service tasks are obvious. For example, the questions may non be asked if the dog is observed guiding an individual who is blind or has low vision, pulling a person'due south wheelchair, or providing assistance with stability or residuum to an private with an appreciable mobility disability.four
A public accommodation or facility is not allowed to ask for documentation or proof that the animal has been certified, trained, or licensed as a service animal. Local laws that prohibit specific breeds of dogs practise not apply to service animals.five
A place of public accommodation or public entity may not ask an individual with a disability to pay a surcharge, even if people accompanied by pets are required to pay fees. Entities cannot require anything of people with service animals that they do not crave of individuals in general, with or without pets. If a public accommodation unremarkably charges individuals for the damage they crusade, an individual with a inability may be charged for damage caused by his or her service animal.6
b) Employment
Laws prohibit employment discrimination because of a inability. Employers are required to provide reasonable accommodation. Assuasive an individual with a disability to have a service creature or an emotional back up creature back-trail them to work may be considered an accommodation. The Equal Employment Opportunity Committee (EEOC), which enforces the employment provisions of the ADA (Championship I), does non have a specific regulation on service animals.seven In the case of a service brute or an emotional support creature, if the disability is not obvious and/or the reason the animal is needed is non articulate, an employer may request documentation to establish the existence of a inability and how the fauna helps the individual perform his or her job..png)
Documentation might include a detailed description of how the animal would help the employee in performing chore tasks and how the beast is trained to behave in the workplace. A person seeking such an adaptation may suggest that the employer allow the fauna to accompany them to work on a trial basis.
Both service and emotional back up animals may be excluded from the workplace if they pose either an undue hardship or a direct threat in the workplace.
c) Housing
The Fair Housing Act (FHA) protects a person with a disability from bigotry in obtaining housing. Nether this police force, a landlord or homeowner'southward clan must provide reasonable adaptation to people with disabilities and then that they have an equal opportunity to enjoy and utilize a home.viii Emotional support animals that exercise not qualify as service animals under the ADA may however authorize equally reasonable accommodations nether the FHA.9 In cases when a person with a disability uses a service animal or an emotional support animal, a reasonable accommodation may include waiving a no-pet rule or a pet eolith.ten This animal is not considered a pet.
A landlord or homeowner'south association may not inquire a housing applicant about the existence, nature, and extent of his or her disability. However, an private with a disability who requests a reasonable accommodation may be asked to provide documentation so that the landlord or homeowner'southward association tin can properly review the accommodation asking.xi They tin inquire a person to certify, in writing, (1) that the tenant or a member of his or her family is a person with a disability; (2) the need for the animal to assist the person with that specific disability; and (iii) that the fauna actually assists the person with a disability. Information technology is important to go along in mind that the ADA may apply in the housing context as well, for example with pupil housing. Where the ADA applies, requiring documentation or certification would not be permitted with regard to an animal that qualifies equally a "service animal."
d) Education
Service animals in public schools (K-12) thirteen – The ADA permits a pupil with a disability who uses a service fauna to have the animal at schoolhouse. In improver, the Individuals with Disabilities Teaching Act (Idea) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act allow a pupil to use an beast that does non run into the ADA definition of a service fauna if that student's Individual Education Plan (IEP) or Section 504 team decides the animal is necessary for the student to receive a complimentary and appropriate teaching. Where the ADA applies, still, schools should be mindful that the employ of a service animal is a correct that is not dependent upon the conclusion of an IEP or Department 504 team.14
Emotional support animals, therapy animals, and companion animals are seldom allowed to accompany students in public schools. Indeed, the ADA does not contemplate the use of animals other than those meeting the definition of "service animal." Ultimately, the decision whether a student may apply an animate being other than a service animal should be made on a case-past-case basis by the IEP or Section 504 team.
Service animals in postsecondary education settings – Under the ADA, colleges and universities must let people with disabilities to bring their service animals into all areas of the facility that are open to the public or to students..png)
Colleges and universities may have a policy request students who use service animals to contact the school's Disability Services Coordinator to register as a student with a disability. Higher education institutions may non crave whatsoever documentation most the training or certification of a service animate being. They may, however, require proof that a service beast has whatever vaccinations required past state or local laws that use to all animals.
e) Transportation
A person traveling with a service brute cannot be denied admission to transportation, even if at that place is a "no pets" policy. In addition, the person with a service animal cannot be forced to sit in a particular spot; no additional fees can exist charged because the person uses a service animal; and the customer does not have to provide advance notice that s/he will be traveling with a service animal.
The laws employ to both public and private transportation providers and include subways, fixed-route buses, Paratransit, rail, light-rails, taxicabs, shuttles and limousine services.
f) Air Travel
At the finish of 2020, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) announced that information technology revised its Air Carrier Admission Act regulation on the transportation of service animals past air. We are working to update the information provided below to marshal with the changes. While we take the fourth dimension to update our information, check out a summary of the changes available on DOT's website. You can too find some boosted information in DOT'due south Aviation Consumer Protection's article about service animals.
The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) requires airlines to allow service animals and emotional support animals to accompany their handlers in the motel of the aircraft.
Service animals – For testify that an animal is a service creature, air carriers may enquire to see identification cards, written documentation, presence of harnesses or tags, or ask for verbal assurances from the individual with a disability using the animal. If airline personnel are uncertain that an animate being is a service beast, they may ask one of the following:
i. What tasks or functions does your animal perform for you?
2. What has your beast been trained to practise for you?
3. Would you describe how the animal performs this chore for you? 15
Emotional support and psychiatric service animals – Individuals who travel with emotional support animals or psychiatric service animals may need to provide specific documentation to institute that they have a disability and the reason the creature must travel with them. Individuals who wish to travel with their emotional support or psychiatric animals should contact the airline ahead of time to find out what kind of documentation is required.
Examples of documentation that may be requested by the airline: Current documentation (not more than one year one-time) on letterhead from a licensed mental health professional stating (i) the passenger has a mental health-related disability listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Transmission of Mental Disorders (DSM Four); (2) having the beast accompany the rider is necessary to the passenger'southward mental health or treatment; (3) the individual providing the cess of the passenger is a licensed mental health professional and the passenger is nether his or her professional care; and (4) the date and blazon of the mental health professional's license and the state or other jurisdiction in which information technology was issued.16 This documentation may be required as a condition of permitting the animate being to accompany the rider in the motel.
Other animals – Co-ordinate to the ACAA, airlines are not required otherwise to carry animals of any kind either in the motel or in the cargo concord. Airlines are gratis to adopt any policy they cull regarding the wagon of pets and other animals (for example, search and rescue dogs) provided that they comply with other applicable requirements (for example, the Animal Welfare Human activity).
Animals such as miniature horses, pigs, and monkeys may be considered service animals. A carrier must decide on a instance-by-case basis co-ordinate to factors such as the animal'south size and weight; land and foreign country restrictions; whether or not the animal would pose a directly threat to the health or safety of others; or cause a key alteration in the motel service.17 Individuals should contact the airlines alee of travel to find out what is permitted.
Airlines are not required to transport unusual animals such as snakes, other reptiles, ferrets, rodents, and spiders. Foreign carriers are not required to transport animals other than dogs.18
VI. Reaction/Response of Others
Allergies and fear of dogs are not valid reasons for denying access or refusing service to people using service animals. If employees, fellow travelers, or customers are agape of service animals, a solution may be to allow enough space for that person to avert getting close to the service animate being.
Almost allergies to animals are caused past straight contact with the animal. A separated infinite might be adequate to avoid allergic reactions.
If a person is at adventure of a meaning allergic reaction to an fauna, it is the responsibleness of the business or government entity to find a way to arrange both the private using the service animal and the private with the allergy.
VII. Service Animals in Training
a) Air Travel
The Air Carrier Access Human action (ACAA) does non allow "service animals in training" in the cabin of the aircraft because "in training" condition indicates that they exercise not yet run across the legal definition of service animal. Even so, like pet policies, airline policies regarding service animals in training vary. Some airlines let qualified trainers to bring service animals in training aboard an aircraft for training purposes. Trainers of service animals should consult with airlines and become familiar with their policies.
b) Employment
In the employment setting, employers may be obligated to allow employees to bring their "service beast in training" into the workplace as a reasonable accommodation, especially if the brute is being trained to help the employee with piece of work-related tasks. The untrained fauna may exist excluded, nonetheless, if it becomes a workplace disruption or causes an undue hardship in the workplace.
c) Public Facilities and Accommodations
Title Two and 3 of the ADA does not cover "service animals in training" but several states have laws when they should exist allowed access.
Viii. Laws & Enforcement
a) Public Facilities and Accommodations
Title Ii of the ADA covers state and local government facilities, activities, and programs. Title Iii of the ADA covers places of public accommodations. Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Deed covers federal regime facilities, activities, and programs. It as well covers the entities that receive federal funding.
Championship II and Title Iii Complaints – These can be filed through private lawsuits in federal court or directed to the U.S. Department of Justice.
U.Southward. Section of Justice
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.Due west.
Civil Rights Division
Disability Rights Section – NYA
Washington, DC 20530
http://world wide web.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (v)
800-514-0383 (TTY)
Section 504 Complaints – These must be made to the specific federal agency that oversees the program or funding.
b) Employment
Title I of the ADA and Section 501 and Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Act prohibits bigotry in employment. The ADA covers individual employers with xv or more than employees; Section 501 applies to federal agencies, and Department 504 applies to whatsoever program or entity receiving federal fiscal assistance.
ADA Complaints - A person must file a charge with the Equal Employment Opportunity Committee (EEOC) within 180 days of an alleged violation of the ADA. This borderline may be extended to 300 days if there is a state or local fair employment practices agency that also has jurisdiction over this matter. Complaints may be filed in person, by mail, or by phone by contacting the nearest EEOC office. This number is listed in most telephone directories nether "U.Southward. Regime." For more than information:
http://www.eeoc.gov/contact/index.cfm
800-669-4000 (voice)
800-669-6820 (TTY)
Department 501 Complaints - Federal employees must contact their agency's Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) officer within 45 days of an alleged Section 501 violation.
Section 504 Complaints – These must be filed with the federal agency that funded the employer.
c) Housing
The Fair Housing Act (FHA), as amended in 1988, applies to housing. Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in all housing programs and activities that are either conducted by the federal regime or receive federal fiscal assistance. Title II of the ADA applies to housing provided by state or local government entities.
Complaints – Housing complaints may be filed with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Part of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity.
http://world wide web.hud.gov/fairhousing
800-669-9777 (voice)
800-927-9275 (TTY)
d) Education
Students with disabilities in public schools (K-12) are covered by Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Thought), Title Ii of the ADA, and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Students with disabilities in public postsecondary education are covered by Title Two and Department 504. Title III of the ADA applies to private schools (K-12 and post-secondary) that are not operated past religious entities. Private schools that receive federal funding are also covered past Section 504.
Thought Complaints - Parents can request a due process hearing and a review from the state educational agency if applicative in that state. They besides can appeal the land bureau'due south decision to state or federal court. You may contact the Function of Special Instruction and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS) for further information or to provide your own thoughts and ideas on how they may better serve individuals with disabilities, their families and their communities.
For more information contact:
Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
U.S. Department of Education
400 Maryland Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20202-7100
202-245-7468 (vox)
Championship Two of the ADA and Department 504 Complaints - The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) in the Department of Education enforces Title II of the ADA and Department 504 as they use to education. Those who have had access denied due to a service creature may file a complaint with OCR or file a individual lawsuit in federal court. An OCR complaint must be filed inside 180 calendar days of the date of the alleged discrimination, unless the time for filing is extended for good crusade. Earlier filing an OCR complaint against an institution, an private may want to find out well-nigh the institution's grievance procedure and utilize that process to have the complaint resolved. Even so, an individual is not required by law to use the institutional grievance procedure earlier filing a complaint with OCR. If someone uses an institutional grievance process and then chooses to file the complaint with OCR, the complaint must be filed with OCR within sixty days after the last act of the institutional grievance process.
For more information contact:
U.South. Department of Didactics
Office for Civil Rights
400 Maryland Avenue, S.W.
Washington, DC 20202-1100
Customer Service: 800-421-3481 (voice)
800-877-8339 (TTY)
East-mail: OCR@ed.gov
http://www2.ed.gov/nearly/offices/list/ocr/docs/howto.html
Title Iii Complaints – These may be filed with the Department of Justice.
U.Southward. Department of Justice
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.West.
Civil Rights Segmentation
Disability Rights Section – NYA
Washington, DC 20530
http://www.ada.gov/
800-514-0301 (v)
800-514-0383 (TTY)
e) Transportation
Title 2 of the ADA applies to public transportation while Title III of the ADA applies to transportation provided by private entities. Department 504 of the Rehabilitation Act applies to federal entities and recipients of federal funding that provide transportation.
Title II and Section 504 Complaints – These may be filed with the Federal Transit Administration's Part of Ceremonious Rights. For more data, contact:
Director, FTA Part of Civil Rights
East Edifice – 5th Floor, TCR
1200 New Jersey Ave., South.Due east.
Washington, DC 20590
FTA ADA Assist Line: 888-446-4511 (Voice)
800-877-8339 (Federal Data Relay Service)
http://www.fta.dot.gov/civil_rights.html
http://www.fta.dot.gov/12874_3889.html (Complaint Form)
Championship III Complaints – These may be filed with the Department of Justice.
U.Southward. Department of Justice
950 Pennsylvania Avenue, Northward.W.
Civil Rights Division
Disability Rights Section – NYA
Washington, DC 20530
http://www.ada.gov
800-514-0301 (v)
800-514-0383 (TTY)
Note: A person does not have to file a complaint with the respective federal bureau before filing a lawsuit in federal courtroom.
f) Air Transportation
The Air Carrier Access Act (ACAA) covers airlines. Its regulations clarify what animals are considered service animals and explain how each type of beast should be treated.
ACAA complaints may exist submitted to the Department of Transportation'southward Aviation Consumer Protection Segmentation. Air travelers who experience disability-related air travel service bug may call the hotline at 800-778-4838 (voice) or 800- 455-9880 (TTY) to obtain aid. Air travelers who would like the Department of Transportation (DOT) to investigate a complaint almost a disability outcome must submit their complaint in writing or via due east-mail to:
Aviation Consumer Protection Partitioning
Attn: C-75-D
U.Southward. Department of Transportation
1200 New Jersey Ave, S.E.
Washington, DC 20590
For additional information and questions nearly your rights under any of these laws, contact your regional ADA center at 800-949-4232 (vocalisation/TTY).
Acknowledgements
The contents of this booklet were developed by the Southwest ADA Middle under a grant (#H133A110027) from the Department of Education's National Institute on Inability and Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR). Still, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Didactics and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.
Southwest ADA Center at ILRU
TIRR Memorial Hermann Enquiry Center
1333 Moursund St.
Houston, Texas 77030
713.520.0232 (vocalization/TTY)
800.949.4232 (vox/TTY)
http://www.southwestada.org
The Southwest ADA Centre is a program of ILRU (Independent Living Research Utilization) at TIRR Memorial Hermann. The Southwest ADA Centre is part of a national network of ten regional ADA Centers that provide upwardly-to-appointment information, referrals, resources, and training on the Americans with Disabilities Human activity (ADA). The centers serve a variety of audiences, including businesses, employers, regime entities, and individuals with disabilities. Call i-800-949-4232 five/tty to achieve the center that serves your region or visit http://www.adata.org.
This book is printed courtesy of the ADA National Network. The Southwest ADA Center would similar to thank Jacquie Brennan (author), Ramin Taheri, Richard Lilliputian, Kathy Gips, Emerge Weiss, Wendy Strobel Gower, Erin Marie Sember-Chase, Marian Vessels, and the ADA Noesis Translation Center at the University of Washington for their contributions to this booklet.
© Southwest ADA Center 2014. All rights reserved
Principal Investigator: Lex Frieden
Projection Director: Vinh Nguyen
Publication staff: Maria DelBosque, Marisa Demaya, and George Powers
[one] http://www.seeingeye.org
[2] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(iv); 28 C.F.,R. § 35.136(d).
[3] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(ii); 28 C.F.,R. §35.136(b)(two).
[4] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(6).
[5] Encounter 28 C.F.R. Pt. 35, App. A; Sak 5. Aurelia, Urban center of, C xi-4111-MWB (N.D. Iowa Dec. 28, 2011)
[6] 28 C.F.R. 36.302(c)(8).
[7] 29 C.F.R. Pt. 1630 App. The EEOC, in the Interpretive Guidance accompanying the regulations, stated that guide dogs may be an adaptation..."For case, it would be a reasonable accommodation for an employer to permit an individual who is blind to use a guide domestic dog at work, even though the employer would not be required to provide a guide dog for the employee."
[8] 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(three)(B).
[nine] Off-white Housing of the Dakotas, Inc. 5. Goldmark Prop. Mgmt., Inc., 3:09-cv-58 (D.Northward.D. Mar. 30, 2011): "… the FHA encompasses all types of assistance animals regardless of training, including those that ameliorate a physical disability and those that meliorate a mental disability."
[ten] Meet Bronk v. Ineichen, 54 F.3d 425, 428-429 (7th Cir. 1995); HUD v. Purkett, FH-FL 19372 (HUDALJ July 31, 1990) Light-green five. Housing Say-so of Clackamas County, 994 F.Supp. 1253 (D. Ore. 1998).
[eleven] Hawn v. Shoreline Towers Phase 1 Condominium Association, Inc., 347 Fed. Appx. 464 (11th Cir. 2009).
[12] Come across "Pet Buying for the Elderly and Persons with Disabilities", 73 Federal Annals 208 (27 Oct 2008), pp. 63834-63838; United States. (2004). Reasonable Accommodations under the Fair Housing Act: Joint Statement of the Department of Housing and Urban Development and Department of Justice. Washington, D.C: U.Due south. Section of Housing and Urban Development and U.S. Department of Justice [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 03/06/2014 from http://www.justice.gov/crt/near/hce/jointstatement_ra.php.
[thirteen] Private schools that are non operated past religious entities are considered public accommodations. Please refer to Section Five(a).
[14] Sullivan v. Vallejo Metropolis Unified Sch. Dist., 731 F. Supp. 947 (E.D. Cal. 1990).
[xv] "Guidance Concerning Service Animals in Air Transportation", 68 Federal Annals 90 (ix May 2003), p. 24875.
[16] 14 C.F.R. § 382.117(eastward).
[17] fourteen C.F.R. § 382.117(f).
[18] Id.
Source: https://adata.org/guide/service-animals-and-emotional-support-animals
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